BEIJING, April 18 — Over 300 humanoid robots participating in China's second robot half-marathon tomorrow will be facing tougher terrain designed to test their technical advancements, as Beijing seeks to develop the industry into a major pillar of its economy.
Over 70 teams, almost five times as many as last year, will compete in the 21km race in Beijing, which includes paved slopes and parkland.
"It will certainly be interesting to see the progress in the durability of components and battery lifetime compared to last year.
"Humanoid robot makers need to find a balance between quality in products, which are still under constant evolution, and price pressure," said technology consultancy Stieler's Asia managing director and robotics head Georg Stieler.
While all of last year's entrants were remotely controlled, the organisers said that this time, almost 40 per cent of the robot participants will navigate the course autonomously, in a high-profile demonstration of the industry's growing capabilities.
But the event is also likely to highlight the challenges Chinese firms face in creating robots that can effectively mimic human movement and performance.
In last year's race, some robots crashed and fell near the starting line, while the winning Tiangong Ultra model, developed by the state-backed Beijing Innovation Centre of Humanoid Robotics in collaboration with UBTech, finished in two hours and 40 minutes, comfortably ahead of its humanoid rivals but more than double the time of the human winner of the conventional race.
The Centre said that Tiangong Ultra will navigate "fully autonomously" this year, relying solely on its sensors to avoid obstacles and closely mimicking the human gait through large-scale data-simulation training.
"When the robot runs at speeds approaching those of professional human athletes, the time window for perception and decision-making is extremely short, placing very high demands on computing power, algorithms, and system response speed," it said in a statement.
Social media videos of the robots training in Beijing at night this month showed some models successfully imitating human running and reaching speeds of 14km per hour, but others' movements were more jerky, and some fell over or crashed into railings, suggesting they might struggle to make it to the finishing line.
Global tech market research firm Counterpoint Research said that China dominates global humanoid robot installations, accounting for more than 80 per cent of the 16,000 units installed worldwide in 2025. In its report, it noted that the top United States vendor Tesla accounted for only five per cent of global humanoid installations.
Domestic market leaders AgiBot and Unitree each shipped more than 5,000 units last year — the highest globally — while Unitree has pledged to expand production capacity to 75,000 humanoid robots annually.
'Dancing disguised as working'
While the half-marathon might make for entertaining viewing, experts say the skills on display do not translate to the widespread commercialisation of humanoid robots in industrial settings, where manual dexterity, real-world perception, and capabilities beyond small-scale, repetitive tasks are crucial.
Currently, Unitree's humanoid models are primarily used by research institutions, for dance performances and as interactive guides in service establishments, according to its initial public offering prospectus.
And while some humanoids might be able to complete a half-marathon, experts say that even in China, they remain years away from widespread domestic or industrial deployment.
"The reason our applications are not taking off is that the robots' IQ is too low. The models are poor, their success rates are low.
"Honestly, the whole industry's level is still at a very elementary stage...Right now, a lot of what we see is 'dancing disguised as working'," said embodied intelligence startup Yuanli Lingji's founder Tang Wenbin at a Beijing tech forum last month.
The Chinese government has identified embodied intelligence, or physical AI, as one of the key industries it aims to nurture, as it looks to automation to boost economic productivity and upgrade traditional manufacturing.
Analysts have remarked that domestic robotics firms are still struggling to develop the AI software that would enable humanoids to match the efficiency of human factory workers, while component manufacturers are contending with cost pressures.
As they seek to improve the software, firms are ploughing resources into large-scale real-world data collection, using human workers fitted with sensors and deploying more humanoids to factory floors.
In 2024, UBTech had fewer than 10 humanoids in factories. Last year, that number jumped to more than 1,000.
Its chief business officer Michael Tam said that for this year, it aims to launch 10,000 full-size humanoid robots, including new models tailored for a variety of commercial settings.
“When we talk about AI, it relies on how much data, especially high-quality data, we can collect," he said during a media tour to the company’s Shenzhen showroom in southern China.
