HONG KONG/JOHOR BAHRU, July 24 — After leapfrogging Singapore to become the region's fastest-growing data centre hub, Malaysia is facing intensifying scrutiny as the resources debate that has complicated the industry's growth spreads to emerging Asia.
Protests over a data centre complex in Johor state's southern tip — the epicentre of the boom — were the first of their kind in the country. In Selangor, the richest and most populous state, debate about the burden on communities has become politicised.
"Two years ago, it was just about building capacity. The conversation today is more like, How will you use power? Are you looking at renewables?
"They want to see how you are going to grow sustainably and responsibly," said American data centre operator Equinix's Malaysian arm managing director Cheam Tat Inn.
It is a notable shift for a country — and a region — that has courted hyperscalers hard in a race to secure artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure investment, offering lower land costs and affordable power.
It puts emerging Asia roughly where developed-market data centre hotspots such as Ireland, the Netherlands, and Singapore were several years ago, when the industry's breakneck growth began to stir concerns about competition for water and electricity with homes and farms.
Even so, global hyperscalers — in tandem with data centre developers and operators — are pushing forward with massive investments to power AI services that require increasingly large amounts of computing capacity, while sharpening their focus on sustainability to help secure a "social licence" from local communities.
Governments are also tightening standards to retain public support.
In Johor, China's ZDATA told Reuters that its data centre operates solely on treated wastewater, and it is finalising a renewable energy deal with TNB to ease strain on the electricity grid. Japan's NTT said its data centre will employ a closed-circuit cooling system to limit water use.
Bain Capital-backed Bridge Data Centres said solar energy accounts for more than half of the power supply at its operations in the state.
"Data centres have high abstract support because we are all using more and more data and we all want high speed. But this contrasts very sharply with acceptance of data centres in local communities due to the perception of increased energy prices and water usage — or even just ugly buildings," said consultancy JLL's executive director Chris Howard.
JLL estimates that rising objections from residents were among factors — also including grid connections and infrastructure equipment — that contributed to delays of at least three months for 57 per cent of projects globally last year.
Renewable energy, local content
New projects in Johor must show how they will source electricity, with renewable energy increasingly a prerequisite for approval. Late last year, the state announced a blanket ban on two categories of extremely water-intensive data centres, requiring as much as 50 million litres daily, the capacity of 20 Olympic swimming pools.
In Selangor, state executive councillor for investment, trade, and mobility Ng Sze Han told Reuters that there is no outright ban on proposals, instead vetting them to meet global standards on energy and water efficiency. A centrepiece of its approach is requiring 30 per cent local content in areas such as integrated circuit design and cooling systems.
“These are highly capital-intensive projects, but historically they have delivered limited spillover to the local economy," he said.
In April, the opposition Socialist Party singled out a RM1.75 billion hyperscale project in Selangor for criticism, saying it prioritised corporations over communities.
Savills analyst Nicholas Tuan said that with Malaysia tightening scrutiny, investment may start flowing to other countries in the region.
"We are already seeing more activity and inbound requests for markets like Thailand, where there are larger-scale campuses being built in the south," he said.
Tuan added that at the same time, Johor in particular retains its appeal as "amongst the most stable" in terms of infrastructure, government support, and availability of resources.
Singapore spillover
Johor was the overwhelming, US$35 billion (RM143.2 billion) beneficiary of Singapore's 2019-2022 moratorium on new data centres, after its own decade-long build-out strained land, water and electricity supply. Investment poured in from the likes of Amazon and Microsoft, as well as Chinese firms Tencent and Alibaba.
Even with stricter vetting since 2024, JLL noted that the state's planned data centre capacity — including projects both in the pipeline and under construction — will mean an eightfold surge from current levels to 7,000 megawatts (MW).
Bank Negara Malaysia has estimated that a 50-MW data centre can consume as much water as 2,200 households per day, and as much electricity as 22,000.
Resistance to the build-out reached a watershed in February, when residents of southern Johor's Iskandar Puteri protested construction of ZDATA's data centre complex.
Many vented worries about the potential strain on water supplies, with some complaining of a drop in water pressure even before the 300-megawatt facility came online. ZDATA told Reuters that its compound was not the source of the water issues.
But not all the concerns were over competition for resources.
Complaints about dust from the construction site spurred land developer Tropicana Firstwide to set up two free car washes for residents.
But another common objection is harder to address.
“I chose to buy a house here because of the greenery and the hills behind the property. Now the land has been levelled for the data centres," said an Iskandar Puteri resident.
