WASHINGTON, July 23 — The United States and Saudi Arabia have signed an agreement on civil nuclear power, letting the kingdom enrich uranium and build nuclear reactors using US technology without requiring the snap United Nations inspections that Washington has previously demanded from Iran.
A civil nuclear deal with Saudi Arabia has been in the works for years during both US President Donald Trump’s first administration and that of former president Joe Biden.
No deal has come together before now, however, in part because of warnings from nonproliferation groups that say that it could offer Saudi Arabia a path to develop a nuclear weapon.
Unlike the Biden plan, the Trump administration deal does not provide for Saudi Arabia to sign the so-called Additional Protocol that allows the UN’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to carry out snap checks at undeclared locations.
More than a year ago, Saudi Arabia switched from light-touch IAEA oversight designed for countries with very limited nuclear activities to regular safeguards with monitoring of declared nuclear facilities. The move is part of a planned nuclear expansion that it has long said will include enrichment.
The Additional Protocol is designed to guard against secret nuclear activities, a concern regarding Saudi Arabia since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has repeatedly said Riyadh will develop nuclear weapons if its regional rival Iran does.
Iran implemented the Additional Protocol under a landmark 2015 nuclear deal with major powers, but that deal unravelled after Trump pulled the US out of it in 2018. Iran stopped implementing the Additional Protocol in 2023.
The new agreement with Washington would let Saudi Arabia enrich uranium and reprocess nuclear waste, both of which are potential pathways to a nuclear weapon. The United Arab Emirates agreed to forgo both when it signed a similar deal with the US in 2009.
US Energy Secretary Chris Wright and his Saudi counterpart Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman signed the pact, known as a 123 Agreement, alongside a bilateral safeguards agreement, the US Energy Department said yesterday.
The administration said the deal also abides by nonproliferation agreements in the US Atomic Energy Act, which are among the world’s strongest. Saudi Arabia has long said that if it does not partner with the US, it could partner with China or Russia, which have different proliferation standards.
The IAEA has not yet commented on the US announcement.
The Energy Department said the deal now goes to Congress. Unless Congress raises votes to object to the deal within 90 session days, the deal will go into force. But it would need to have a two-thirds majority to override a presidential veto.
Some nuclear experts called on lawmakers to vote down the deal.
“We urge all members of Congress on both sides of the aisle to recognise the risks and to exercise their power to reject or modify Trump’s proposed nuclear deal with Saudi Arabia so as not to open the door for nuclear proliferation in (West Asia) even wider,” said Kelsey Davenport, director for nonproliferation policy at the Arms Control Association.
The about 30-year deal for the construction of AP1000 reactors, which is worth tens of billions of dollars, would benefit Westinghouse, jointly owned by Canada-based Cameco and Brookfield Asset Management.
‘Make us all less safe’
An industry source said the deal requires a feasibility study on using US technology in Saudi Arabia. The study and the slow pace of building nuclear power plants and uranium enrichment means it could take many years to build the infrastructure.
Several Democratic lawmakers have warned that the deal could start an arms race in West Asia as the US-Israeli war on Iran grinds on.
“They are allowing Saudi Arabia, a belligerent and authoritarian nation, to develop nuclear weapons technologies while starting a war with Iran under the guise of preventing an Iranian nuclear bomb,” said Senator Edward Markey, a Democrat. “This deal would make us all less safe.”
Senator Jim Risch, a Republican, said he agrees with the kingdom’s crown prince that the deal stands to benefit both countries.
