SAN FRANCISCO, Oct 8 — United States (US) lawmakers are calling for broader bans on chipmaking equipment to China after a bipartisan investigation found that Chinese chipmakers had purchased US$38 billion (RM160.3 billion) of sophisticated gear last year.
Inconsistencies in rules issued by the US, Japan, and the Netherlands have led to non-US chip equipment manufacturers selling to some Chinese firms that US companies could not, according to a report published on Tuesday by the US House of Representatives Select Committee on China.
The committee called for broader bans by the US and its allies on the sales of chipmaking tools to China, rather than narrower bans on sales to specific Chinese chipmakers.
The US$38 billion was purchased from five top semiconductor manufacturing equipment suppliers, without breaking the law, a 66 per cent increase from 2022, when many of the tool export restrictions were introduced.
It revealed that this accounted for nearly 39 per cent of the aggregate sales of Applied Materials, Lam Research, KLA, ASML, and Tokyo Electron.
"These are the sales that made China increasingly competitive in the manufacture of a wide range of semiconductors, with profound implications for human rights and democratic values around the world," the report said.
Both US Democratic and Republican administrations have sought to restrict China's ability to make microchips — crucial to fields such as artificial intelligence and military modernisation. The two economic superpowers are also vying to sell advanced technology like AI data centres to other nations.
Tokyo Electron's US unit president Mark Dougherty said the industry's China sales have started to decline this year, in part due to new regulations and welcomed more coordination between the US and Japanese governments.
"I think it is clear, from a US perspective, there is an outcome that is still desired that has not yet been achieved," he told Reuters in an interview.
ASML and KLA declined to comment. Applied Materials and Lam Research did not respond to a request for comment.
The committee said the toolmakers cooperated with the committee on the report and were informed of its findings.
Three Chinese firms that have become major customers of toolmakers — SwaySure Technology Co., Shenzhen Pengxinxu Technology Co., and SiEn (Qingdao) Integrated Circuits Co. — are of particular security concern.
They were flagged last year by the congressional committee's leaders John Moolenaar (a Michigan Republican) and Ranking Member Raja Krishnamoorthi (an Illinois Democrat), in a letter to the Commerce Department alleging ties to a secret network aiding Huawei Technologies. US officials barred exports to them in December.
The report recommended that the broader bans include tighter restrictions on components that China could use to build its own chipmaking tools.
"China is attempting to rewrite the entire supply chain. What used to be niche tool segments are now battlegrounds," said think tank Foundation for Defence of Democracies' senior fellow Craig Singleton.
